This enables you to have some theoretical elements to analyze a story or a novel. Is made on the basis of the theoretical position called "narratology" and is a summary of key aspects to be considered for any analysis.
know that literature is an art that uses the word to build a world of fiction. How does it do? Then use "literary" for various purposes, either to create specific atmospheres, customize characters, cause suspense and draw the reader's attention, stir, etc. The three genres "canonical" is the lyric (poetry), drama (plays) and narrative (story and novel). In this case, we will deal with some "literary devices that are used in the narrative, though many of them also are used in the other two genera.
History and speech
In any narrative must distinguish two levels: story and discourse. The story is the events in relation to the characters, setting and time in which they develop. The speech, however, is the way it is presented that history. For example, I can read a novel that tells the life of a character from birth to death. All the events that happened up the story, the plot of the novel. But, perhaps, the novel begins with the last scene of death, and from there tell the story of the subject. This is the speech, the way the story is told.
Thus, the level of discourse, history can be organized in several ways: Breaking
chronological order (novels usually begin abruptly, with the end or at the time of a disturbing event) or No:
respecting the order cronológico.Narra the facts in the same order they happened.
characters
The characters perform actions and are transformed as a result of those actions. To analyze the characters will be useful to identify the protagonist (the one with the most intense emotional stress) and put the other characters (main and secondary) in relation to him. In the characters we see: his character, feelings, ways of acting, physical traits. We can see what the narrator says about them, what they say about themselves, they say the other characters, how they act.
To achieve the characterization observe each character overall:
Repetition
When a character first appears we may not know much about him, but in the course of the narrative the salient features of that character will be repeated frequently.
a character's relationship with other
The characters have similarities and contrasts in relation to others. It seeks to discover the character's traits from his confrontation with others.
changes the characters undergo alterations, changes in attitude, atmosphere, ideas. Once selected the most important features of a character, it is easier to trace its transformations. They can also help build other aspects of that image: the spaces they occupy, the language used, the match between what we say and do, information that the narrator or another character gives about them.
The atmosphere of the setting elements are two: time and space (when and where it happened). The space can have symbolic functions, for example, suggest the status of the characters or be a clue to his mood. Thus, in a romantic novel the sadness of the character can be attached to a gray, cloudy, nature symbolically accompanies the pain of the character, in that case.
is also important to note the time at which events occur. For example, a novel can tell what happens in one day or what happens over many years. In relation to the time we find:
analepsis: these are temporary setbacks. A character remembers something that happened and that is prior to the time of the story being told. Example: "It was four in the afternoon of Thursday. Raul was drinking mate. At that moment came to mind the discussion that was held Julia on Sunday. She was angry, had beaten the door and shouting that he was gone ...."
prolepsis: the narrator anticipates what will happen later with that character. Example: "John did not know yet that twenty years later would become his wife Marina. Ellipsis
: omitted facts of history. Example: "Three years passed. Juan had aged a bit. "
The narrator's voice is fictitious created by the author to organize and tell the story. We should not be confused with the author. It can be a narrator
From outside: He tells a story that did not live. Example: "John got up early that morning and went for a walk."
From the inside: He tells a story as if it were one of the characters. "That morning, when I stood looking out the window, I saw how began to snow."
point of view or focus
is the outlook from which the facts are. In a story or a novel, can vary from one paragraph to another. That look may be part of a character out of all the characters, or within all the characters. In the first case we say that the narrator knows the same as personaje, en el segundo, que sabe menos que los personajes y en el tercero, que sabe más que los personajes.
Ejemplos:
focalización interna o mirada desde “dentro” de “un personaje” .
“Yo me sentía muy mal esa mañana. Veía todo negro. No sabía por qué mi madre me había contestado así.”
focalización externa o mirada desde “afuera” de los personajes. El narrador sólo sabe lo que ve, no sabe qué ocurre dentro de las personas.
“Los hombres iban y venían de un lado al otro. Quién sabe en qué estarían thinking. Only gray figures were wandering in the street. "Targeting
omniscient, the narrator knows more than the characters. The narrator knows everything they think and feel all the characters, knows everything that happened and everything that is going to happen.
"Peter was very wrong. Her eyes were swollen. He still did not know that everyone hated him and that that evening would make a bed to destroy it. "
language use
The world of a novel or a story is polyphonic, to the extent that speech consists of one or more narrators and the dialogues of the characters, cited by these narrators.
why we find different ways of speaking (varieties of discourse) and we pay attention to its variation.
As for the literary techniques we have seen applications:
monologue is when a person speaks alone. It has two variants:
The stream of consciousness: We present images, impressions of the character in the same order (or disorder) in which they appear in your mind.
Example: "I was back on the examination table. It had made me a target. I remembered my mother, grandmother. Poor in his coffin. Professor moving his lips. What did he say? I hear the sound of rockets end of the year when Lina suddenly kissed me. "
Soliloquy: A speaker addresses himself. Example: "I can not be the same silly as always, the others use. I have to rebel "
dialogue
This is inserted into the narrative in two ways:
* Dialogue in direct discourse: constant exchange roles with a narrator who presents and leads. Example:
Hi John, - "the girl said nonchalantly. Hi .-
only he murmured.
* Dialogue in indirect speech: Someone has what another said. Example:
"She waved, but the boy said nothing about"
The description of characters, settings or objects
The description is not an enumeration of data. The descriptor select those features which distinguish the object of description. Therefore the description is always subjective because it involves an assessment of all the observed. So, something is beautiful or ugly depending on who you look at it, or point of view.
description Subjectivity is manifested through the use of different resources expressive: the adjectives, metaphors, comparisons, repetitions, etc.).
What the narrator introduces a description? It can be for many reasons. For example: make credible what is told by a painting of the place and time, or achieve greater tension in the text, or create a special atmosphere, or get a better picture of a character.
The "theme" of the text
Once you have analyzed all the resources and you've played, you base your opinion on what the "theme" of the story. Remember that the "issue" is expressed by a short phrase of no more than two or three words. Examples of themes: love in the couple, love in the family, the envy, hatred, violence social issues. The themes are universal.
VERY IMPORTANT
Each narrative (story or novel) the author will use some resources and not others, it chooses the resources are directly related to their intention of having something in a certain way to cause some effect the reader. This means that you will not be able to find all the resources in all texts. But according to the text, some will be very important, others not.
The first step you will identify resources, but that is only the beginning of your work. That is, after you've found, for example, a metaphor, you have to ask WHY THE USA THE AUTHOR? WHY PUT A METAPHOR HERE IN THE TEXT? WHAT IS TRANSMITTED? WHAT DO YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE IT? And so in the case of each resource you find. For the most important step is that of the Interpretation and assessment of all the literary devices in the text.
For if not you remember, we add here a small dictionary of literary figures and tropes
Image sensory representation is or image of an object. They have to do with perceptions of the senses, so they are classified as visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, etc.Ej. Visual image: "the rainbow gleaming in the sky" auditory image "My heart was overwhelmed and scattered." Comparison
two elements are associated with something they have in common. Eg "All in the memory is lost as a soap bubble in the wind" In this case compares the disappearance of memories in the mind, with the disappearance of bubbles in the wind. Metaphor
impure When instead of "compare", identified two realities. Sticking with the example above would be: "Everything in memory was a bubble in the wind"
pure metaphor. When a combination of two elements, the second part replaces the first. Continuing the example above would be: "Everything was a bubble in the wind." In this case, we must interpret it when he says "soap bubble in the wind" it is really referring to the memories that disappeared into the memory. Let
other pure examples of metaphors: * "silver hair" is a metaphor for gray "gold record" is a metaphor del sol
Otro ejemplo:
* La vida es como un largo camino que nos conduce hacia la muerte. (Es una “comparación”)
* La vida es un largo camino que nos conduce hacia la muerte. ( Es una “metáfora impura”)
* El largo camino nos conduce hacia la muerte. ( Es una metáfora pura)
Observen que en los dos primeros casos, están presentes las dos palabras relacionadas (vida y camino) pero en el último caso la segunda palabra (camino) ha sustituido o reemplazado a la otra (vida) y cuando leemos la frase tenemos que interpretar que cuando dice camino relates to life.
Synesthesia involves the crossing of views that are perceived by different senses. Eg "The landscape had a bitter taste" the "landscape" is perceived by sight, and instead the "flavor" to taste.
Hyperbole: It consists of an exaggeration that makes emotional or mocking purposes, as appropriate.
eg, "It hurts to breath."
Antithesis: This is contrast or contrast two realities in order to enhance it. Eg "Love is so short and oblivion so long."
Grading: This is a enumerations progressive order. Ex was big, huge, gigantic
Epithet: It consists in emphasizing a quality that is characteristic of that noun. Eg Snow White.
polysyndeton: This involves the repetition of conjunctions to him slowly to the statement. Eg from polysyndeton would be "eyes and wind and sea salts."
Personification: Attributing to animate beings, qualities of man: ie, the sun caressing your skin.
Prosopopeya: attribute to inanimate qualities of animate beings. Ex Time flies.
Metonymy: They consist of designating the whole or part by the continente por el contenido. Ej. Traicionó su bandera. (bandera por patria).
Alegoría: Consiste en un conjunto de metáforas relacionadas entre sí que dan al texto un sentido real y otro figurado. Ej. las fábulas.
Símbolo: Consiste en sugerir una realidad o un concepto mediante otra cosa. Así, la cruz simboliza el cristianismo, la balanza simboliza la justicia o la paloma, la paz. La diferencia con la metáfora es que “cruz” “balanza” y “paloma” conservan su sentido original. Por ej. en la metáfora “cabellos de plata” sí o sí tengo que hacer la sustitución y pensar que habla de canas, no I can not imagine someone with hair metal, whereas if I say "The dove flew over the fields of war and stopped the bullets," I can think of "dove" and the pigeon simultaneously symbolizes or means justice . For symbols with which manages an author, it is often necessary to know much of his work, because although there are universal symbols (eg fire = love), there are symbols that are created by each author (eg mirrors Borges). As for the universal symbols is helpful to consult a Dictionary of Symbols.
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