Here is a summary made of a material of the author Veronica embers. Contains the essentials of both kinds of texts and a commentary on the most common strategies.
Expository
Generally, when an unknown reader or want to know more about a particular topic, see some kind of text. There you will find possible answers to your questions. This class is called expository text and its dominant intent is to inform, explain in a clear and precise, a particular issue so that the reader barely has difficulty understanding. Textbooks are a good example of them because, as its purpose is didactic, should inform students about events, people and processes, with the help of graphic schemes, for them to expand their knowledge on the subject.
Another example of expository texts are articles or letters which are published in the newspaper or scientific journals. Although scientists often write about their research and results of the same, they can not be understood by most readers, since the latter are not specialists in the field of science. Therefore, there are physicists, chemists, biologists and mathematicians who are devoted to science journalism, that is, to "translate" the progress of science in a language understandable to the reader. In this way the public can access certain information that not be explained, it is not known.
SUPERSTRUCTURE: Named after the manner of organization of texts, the structure that organizes its components. For expository texts, the superstructures are: comparison, problem / solution, and sequential qualifier.
Macrostructure: The meaning of a text. Its function is to provide overall consistency to all the statements that compose it.
exhibition strategy: The most common are:
1. The statements are general laws or principles that are used in the text to explain a particular event or phenomenon. Use this generic, abstract nouns and nominalizations (a noun derived from a verb).
2. The reformulation is a process from which the author provides a new statement that clarifies and expands information from another previous statement. Marker is introduced as is, or, put another way, in other words. Its function is to develop the original concept or state significance, or propose an equivalent statement easier to understand.
3. The definition is to give the meaning of a word, concept or expression. If used to establish equivalent meanings, it is called, of "Equivalence", if you specify the function or purpose of an object, is called "functional", when describing a particular concept will be "descriptive" or gives the technical name of a concept or object, will be "denomination."
4. The analogy has a similar situation or a case with similar characteristics in parallel with the concept or process to be explained.
5. The explanation arises from a question whose answer is the text itself.
expository texts generally use terms specific to the field. The superstructures of expository texts can be developed from the description (List of characteristics) or the narrative (chronological account of events). The title indicates the main theme of the text, while paragraphs are units of meaning that have a sub, that is, develop a particular theme of the main theme indicated by the title.
Usually, the superstructure of an expository text arises in this order: the first paragraph introduces the topic of the text, each of the following paragraphs develop a particular aspect of that theme and, finally, in the last paragraph is a conclusion which is a kind of synthesis of the text.
expository text is characterized by its objectivity. The author does not issue opinions and erase all the marks of enunciation (valuation) of his statements, since it merely to explain an event in a clear and easy for the reader to understand without problems. Generally
to articulate information in a given text in a cohesive manner, using words connectors that function calls in the text as textual markers, and that relate to and organize information within a text. The most common connectors in expository texts are: to present issues (first, last, finally), to compare (on the one hand, on the other), to add information (Not only ... but also, in addition) to differentiate (whereas, by contrast, only), to emphasize opposition (however, but nonetheless) to start a new topic or a different aspect (with respect to, concerning, about), to mark the conclusion (in short, in short), to organize the development of the subject (then, next, later, below).
argumentative texts
The systematic (orderly and exhaustive) of the argument goes back to V century BC, is staged in the city of Athens and its protagonists Greek citizens are participating in the government of the polis, the first democracy in history. At that time, the number of citizens participating in meetings and in the courts, areas previously reserved for the aristocracy of Athens, is growing. Therefore, participants feel the need to acquire certain discursive tools that give them the possibility of developing an effective speech, ie, a discourse that allows them to convince the auditorium of the certainty of their opinions. To speak with elegance, convince and win the arguments raised in the meetings, the Greeks studied the art of rhetoric. This discipline teaches the ways of construction of argumentative discourse. The importance of studying the rhetoric lay in the victory gained by the speaker at meetings of the city or in court, thanks to the persuasion that would generate speech from listeners from an orderly and creative thinking.
Currently, due to the development of mass media, the argument is a more discursive techniques used from the newspaper to television. Even in everyday life, the argument is one of the most frequent speeches, most of the time people want to convince our partners on something and in doing so, we use reasoning and evidence to support and demonstrate the validity or accuracy of our views. Therefore, argumentative texts acquire real meaning to the framed within the communicative act, as always there is a sender who wants to convince and a receiver that can be persuaded or not.
To achieve its objective, the issuer or author produces a text with a specific structure and selects certain strategies, from the old rhetoric, useful to his purpose. Examples of this are nothing but advertising, editorials, opinion articles, book reviews, criticism of shows, letters from readers, etc.
The editorial is an opinion piece - hence its structure is argumentative - whose function is to return, analyze and give opinions about situations or events of public interest. Not signed because the newspaper's management is who is credited with authorship.
The argumentative structure consists of three levels:
1. Start or starting point (facts, ideas, problems) that serve as the trigger for the thesis.
2. Thesis itself is that of which one tries to convince the listener or reader.
3. The demonstration consists in the enunciation of arguments supporting the view taken by the author, ie, proving the truth or at least, the relevance of their opinion.
In argumentative texts, the author's subjectivity is predominant, as he expresses his opinion and base it is to convince readers of the validity of it. The author's subjectivity in the text marking called subjetivemas are adjectives, nouns, verbs and adverbs that express a positive or negative assessment of the author with respect to an incident, situation or a particular idea. In argumentative texts such as publishing, the last paragraph is the conclusion where he insists on the validity of the argument that the author developed throughout the text.
The arguments are the reasons or grounds used for demonstrate the certainty of the thesis of the text and to convince the reader of the validity of reasoning.
Arguments are constructed from certain procedures, which include:
1. cause and effect of that cause that consequence follows.
2. exemplification.
3. citations, are included in the text as an argument to support the thesis or to discuss and refute, finally confirming the validity of the thesis.
4. analogy comparing supposedly similar situations or concepts.
5. rhetorical questions are those that have implied the answer.
6. Irony is a resource for which a statement implies the opposite of what was said, for instance, say how thin it is! when in fact they just put on 10 kgs.
7. comparison
8. the use of quantities, measurements or statistics
9. The partial concession to the opposite view. Example: Certainly, abnormal eating habits can be changed, but the biggest problem is that, as patients do not recognize the disorder do not seek help.
To develop an opinion is appropriate, first, find information, second, sort and organized according to topics or input data, then design a plan to write an outline, writing the thesis and the arguments used to support it.
Then, using connectors and subjetivemas, organize the paragraphs of text not to mention that everyone should have a particular subtopic. Finally, check spelling and punctuation and invent a title in highlighting the theme of the text.
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